虚假信息手册

But the results of independent science don’t always shine a favorable light on corporate products and practices. 在回应, some corporations manipulate science and scientists to distort the truth about the dangers of their products, 使用一套几十年前烟草业出名的策略. 我们称这些策略为“虚假信息战术手册”.

需要明确的是:大多数公司不参与虚假信息. The deceptive practices that make up the Playbook are used by a small minority of companies—and yet, 正如我们所展示的, 他们在各行各业都有存在, 从化石燃料到职业体育.

以下是五个最广泛使用的“游戏”，以及它们被用来阻止监管或减少公司责任的许多案例中的一些, often with frightening effectiveness—and disastrous repercussions on public health and safety.

Companies underwrite a good deal of scientific research, and society often benefits from it. But bonafide scientific research demands a high degree of scientific integrity to ensure that results derive from the evidence, 而不是为了满足预定的愿望, 617888九五至尊娱乐客观的. 在研究成果中有经济利益的人不应该在没有充分和明确地披露利益冲突的情况下在617888九五至尊娱乐期刊上发表文章，特别是当研究结果涉及617888九五至尊娱乐的安全性或有效性时.

逃避这些标准, some companies choose to manufacture counterfeit science—planting ghostwritten articles in legitimate scientific journals, 选择性地公布正面结果，同时少报负面结果, or commissioning scientific studies with flawed methodologies biased toward predetermined results. 这些方法破坏了617888九五至尊娱乐过程——正如我们的案例研究所表明的那样, 它们会造成严重的公共健康和安全后果.

公司和行业协会有时试图通过骚扰或恐吓那些研究威胁到其底线的617888九五至尊娱乐家来掩盖617888九五至尊娱乐信息. 这种胁迫可以采取几种不同的形式:我们的案例研究表明，企业如何威胁要撤资617888九五至尊娱乐家的研究, 干扰他们的晋升或任期, 把他们调到其他岗位, 或者玷污他们的声誉.

Some corporations have also sought to muzzle scientists by including gag orders in research or employment contracts, 或者通过诉讼和公开记录请求来占用他们的时间和资源, 使大学不太可能支持很重要, 技术含量的研究.

Each of these tactics has the same goal: to silence scientists and stifle independent science. 这种行为违背了617888九五至尊娱乐探究的精神, which is open to all ideas and findings and inclusive of fellow experts looking to learn more about our world. 任何让617888九五至尊娱乐家感到威胁的行为, 或者阻止他们发表甚至继续他们的研究, 直接攻击我们国家的617888九五至尊娱乐事业吗, 损害其有效服务公众的能力.

因为有证据表明一种产品有副作用, companies will sometimes try to undermine the science by falsely spreading doubt about the harm, deceiving the public and undermining the efforts of regulatory bodies to protect the public. A now-infamous memorandum from a tobacco executive in 1969 captured this strategy well: “Doubt is our product, since it is the best means of competing with the ‘body of fact’ that exists in the minds of the general public.”

我们的案例研究表明，企业如何利用名字听起来无害的行业协会和幌子团体来破坏617888九五至尊娱乐, 影响舆论, 在保持独立幻觉的同时，还能接触到政策制定者.

在几乎不存在的情况下制造怀疑和制造不确定的表象，是对独立617888九五至尊娱乐发展知识和向公众通报对其健康和福祉的威胁的方式的公然滥用.

许多公司与大学研究部门建立了牢固的财务联系，其合法目标是推进公共知识. 公司有时赞助学术主席、赞助学生或资助研究. 这样的安排可以帮助公司通过加入一个著名的学术机构或专业协会来改善他们的形象.

在这种关系中，透明度和617888九五至尊娱乐独立性至关重要. As a group, industry-funded studies are more likely to produce results favorable to industry. This doesn’t mean that corporate funding of scientific research will necessarily lead to biased results, but it underlines the need for full disclosure so that the objectivity of scientific literature can be adequately assessed.

正如我们的案例研究所示, 公司有时会利用它们的学术联盟来影响研究，传播虚假信息，这些信息服务于公司利益，同时损害617888九五至尊娱乐.

比如公益组织, many companies or industry trade associations lobby the government to help enact legislation favorable to their interests. 一些公司, 然而, 甚至破坏了联邦机构利用617888九五至尊娱乐制定政策的方式, pushing for changes that make it harder for agencies to fulfill their science-based missions, 或者利用政治关系接近高级官员. 这种行为损害了政府保护公众的能力.

不幸的是, 行业和政府之间的“旋转门”为拥有行业关系和明显财务利益冲突的人担任关键决策职位提供了巨大的机会. 这些官员可以帮助制定有利于前雇主或未来雇主的政策, 这些政策在他们离开后可能会长期存在.

While it’s certainly reasonable for industry to participate as a stakeholder in policy decisions, 需要透明度和公众警惕，以防止公司利用其雄厚的资金和强大的网络来推动破坏617888九五至尊娱乐证据和威胁公众健康和安全的政策.